Pakistan's catastrophic floods have led to renewed calls for rich polluting nations, which grew their economies through heavy use of fossil fuels, to compensate developing countries for the devastating impacts caused by climate crisis.
The currently favored term for this concept is "loss and damage" payments, but some campaigners want to go further and frame the issue as "climate reparations," just as racial justice activists call for compensation for the descendants of enslaved people.
Beyond the tougher vocabulary, green groups also call for debt cancellation for cash-strapped nations that spend huge portions of their budgets servicing external loans, rather than devoting the funds to increasing resilience to a rapidly changing planet.
"There's a historical precedent of not just the industrial revolution that led to increased emissions and carbon pollution, but also the history of colonialism and the history of extraction of resources, wealth and labor," Belgium-based climate activist Meera Ghani told AFP.
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"The climate crisis is a manifestation of interlocking systems of oppression, and it's a form of colonialism," said Ghani, a former climate negotiator for Pakistan.
Such ideas stretch back decades and were first pushed by small island nations susceptible to rising sea levels -- but momentum is once more building on the back of this summer's catastrophic inundations in Pakistan, driven by unprecedented monsoon rains.
Nearly 1,600 were killed, several million displaced, and the cash-strapped government estimates losses in the region of $30 billion.
Campaigners point to the fact that the most climate-vulnerable countries in the Global South are least responsible -- Pakistan, for instance, produces less than 1 per cent of global greenhouse emissions, as opposed to the G20 countries which account for 80 per cent.
The international climate response currently involves a two-pronged approach: "mitigation" -- which means reducing heat-trapping greenhouse gases -- and "adaptation," which means steps to alter systems and improve infrastructure for changes that are already locked in.
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Calls for "loss and damage" payments go further than adaptation financing, and seek compensation for multiplying severe weather impacts that countries cannot withstand.
At present, however, even the more modest goal of adaptation financing is languishing.
Advanced economies agreed to channel $100 billion to less developed countries by the year 2020 -- a promise that was broken -- even as much of the funding that was mobilised came in the form of loans.
"Our starting point is that the global North is largely responsible for the state of our planet today," said Maira Hayat, an assistant professor of environment and peace studies at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana.
"Why should countries that have contributed little by way of GHG emissions be asking them for aid -- loans are the predominant form -- with onerous repayment conditions?"
"If the language is upsetting for some, the next step should be to probe why that might be -- do they dispute the history? Or the present-day implications of accepting certain historical pasts?"
Not all in the climate arena are convinced.
"Beyond a certain rhetorical point-scoring that's not going to go anywhere," said Daanish Mustafa, professor in critical geography at King's College London.
While he mostly blames the Global North for the world's current predicament, he says he is wary of pushing a narrative that may excuse the actions of the Pakistani leadership and policy choices they have taken that exacerbate this and other disasters.
The World Weather Attribution group of climate scientists found that climate change likely contributed to the floods.
But the devastating impacts were also driven "by the proximity of human settlements, infrastructure (homes, buildings, bridges) and agricultural land to flood plains," among other locally driven factors, they said.
Pakistan's own emissions, while low at the global scale, are fast rising -- with the benefits flowing to a tiny elite, said Mustafa, and the country should pursue an alternative, low-carbon development path rather than "aping the West" and damaging itself in the process.
The case for "loss and damage" payments received a recent boost with UN chief Antonio Guterres calling for "meaningful action" on it at the next global climate summit, COP27 in Egypt in November.
But the issue is sensitive for rich countries -- especially the United States, the largest emitter of GHGs historically -- which fear it could pave the way for legal action and kept language regarding "liability and compensation" out of the landmark Paris agreement.