French President Emmanuel Macron on Sunday lost his parliamentary majority after major election gains by a newly formed left-wing alliance and the far right, in a stunning blow to his plans for major second-term reform.
The result threw French politics into turmoil, raising the prospect of a paralysed legislature or messy coalitions with Macron forced to reach out to new allies.
Macron, 44, now also risks being distracted by domestic problems as he seeks to play a prominent role in putting an end to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and as a key statesman in the EU.
Macron's "Together" coalition was on course to be the biggest party in the next National Assembly. But with 210-260 seats it will be short of the 289 seats needed for a majority, according to a range of projections by five French polling firms after Sunday's second round.
"This situation constitutes a risk for our country, given the challenges that we have to confront," Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne said in a televised statement, vowing: "We will work from tomorrow to build a working majority."
The outcome severely tarnished Macron's April presidential election victory when he defeated the far-right to be the first French president to win a second term in over two decades.
"It's a turning point for his image of invincibility," said Bruno Cautres, researcher at the Centre for Political Research of Sciences Po.
The new left-wing coalition NUPES under 70-year-old hard-left figurehead Jean-Luc Melenchon was on course to win 141-185 seats, possibly tripling their representation compared with the outgoing parliament.
The coalition, formed in May after the left splintered for April's presidential elections, brings together Socialists, the hard left, Communists and greens.
Melenchon called Sunday's results "above all an electoral failure" for Macron.
"The rout of the presidential party is total and there will be no majority," in parliament, he told cheering supporters in Paris.
A prominent MP from Melenchon's party, Alexis Corbiere, said the result meant Macron's plan to raise the French retirement age to 65 had been "sunk".
Far-right leader Marine Le Pen's National Rally party was also on track for huge gains after having only eight seats in the outgoing National Assembly.
It was due to send 80-102 MPs to the new parliament, according to the projections, making it the biggest rightwing force in parliament ahead of the traditional right The Republicans (LR).
Le Pen hailed a historic result for her party, saying it would send "by far" its highest number of MPs to the next National Assembly.
Macron had hoped to stamp his second term with an ambitious programme of tax cuts, welfare reform and raising the retirement age. All that is now in question.
"This will complicate the reforms... It will be much more difficult to govern," said Dominique Rousseau, professor of law at Paris Pantheon-Sorbonne University.
"The slap," said the headline in the left-leaning Liberation's Monday edition, adding the results represented the "fall" of Macron's way of governing.
There could now potentially be weeks of political deadlock as the president seeks to reach out to new parties.
The most likely option would be an alliance with the Republicans, the traditional party of the French right, which is on track to win 62-77 seats.
LR president Christian Jacob however made clear there would be no easy alliance, saying his party intended to "stay in opposition".
Economy Minister Bruno Le Maire denied that France would be ungovernable but admitted "a lot of imagination would be needed" from the ruling party in an "unprecedented situation".
Macron had called on voters to hand his coalition a "solid majority" last week, adding "nothing would be worse than adding French disorder to the world disorder".
In another blow, key ministers standing for election were set to lose their jobs under a convention that they should resign if they fail to win seats.
Health Minister Brigitte Bourguignon, Maritime Minister Justine Benin and Environment Minister Amelie de Montchalin, a pillar of Macron's administration over the last years all lost and will now exit the government.
Two other close Macron allies, parliament speaker Richard Ferrand and former interior minister Christophe Castaner, both acknowledged defeat in the fight for their seats.
In a rare spot of good news for the president, Europe Minister Clement Beaune and Public Service Minister Stanislas Guerini, both young pillars of his party, won tight battles for their seats.
On the left, Rachel Keke a former chambermaid who campaigned for better working conditions at her hotel, was also elected, defeating Macron's former sports minister Roxana Maracineanu.
Turnout was forecast to be low, with polling institutes projecting an abstention rate of 53.5-54 per cent, higher than the first round but not beating the record worst turnout of 2017.