London: The Paris Olympics will be the first Games to host an equal number of female and male competitors, but off the field it is another story with barely one in 10 coaches likely to be women.
Gold medal hopefuls trained by women include US sprinter Gabby Thomas, British diver Tom Daley, British swimmer Adam Peaty and Ukrainian high jumper Yaroslava Mahuchikh who set a new world record this month.
But while attitudes are changing, elite level coaching remains a predominantly male preserve.
"The main barrier is the good old boy's club," said French former world cycling champion and coach Marion Clignet, who helped carry the Olympic torch on its journey through France to Paris where the Games will open on July 26.
Her views were echoed by coaches from other sports with many saying women had to work twice as hard to be heard and often felt "overlooked and undervalued".
Henriette Mero, a Norwegian triathlon coach, said bullying and discrimination by male coaches towards both female coaches and athletes were rife, but many women were reluctant to speak up for fear of losing their jobs.
She said the culture was so bad on her national team that she quit to focus on private coaching.
"We have a long way to go," she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation. "This is not unique to Norway. Coaches from other countries have told me the same."
Other coaches said they had not encountered overt misogyny, but long anti-social hours and time away from home for training camps and competitions made it hard for women to juggle a top-level career with family responsibilities.
At the Tokyo Olympics - held in 2021 because of the Covid-19 pandemic - only 13 per cent of accredited coaches were women, up from 11 per cent in Rio 2016.
At the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics women accounted for 10 per cent of coaches.
Vicky Huyton, founder of the Female Coaching Network, a global platform for women coaches to connect, said the underlying problem was systemic with sport "created by men for men".
The father of the modern Olympic movement, Pierre de Coubertin, banned women from the first Games in 1896, later stating the Olympics were for the "exaltation of male athleticism" with "female applause as reward".
Although women participated in a handful of events at the 1900 Olympics, it took another 112 years until they could compete in every sport. Meanwhile, the top jobs in international and national sports bodies continue to be male dominated.
"The power dynamics in sport have never really changed," said Huyton. "And that hangover is why we see so few female performance directors and coaches in powerful positions."
Getting women into top jobs
Many coaches said change had to start at the top with the International Olympic Committee (IOC), international sports federations and national governing bodies.
IOC Vice President Nicole Hoevertsz, one of only four women to ever hold the post, said IOC President Thomas Bach was "very serious" about getting more women into prominent jobs.
"The important thing for me is not to keep the elevator up, but to send it down so more women can get to these leadership positions," she added.
Hoevertsz said the IOC was working with sports bodies to open up more coaching roles to women. Sports leading the way included wrestling, skateboarding, judo and taekwondo.
In 2019, the IOC began its WISH training programme, which aims to equip women to coach at the highest level.
It has so far trained 123 female coaches - from 22 sports and 60 countries. At least six of them are heading to Paris.
Abuse scandals
Triathlon coach Mero said women coaches provided important role models for girls and young women.
She said many women athletes wanted female coaches, partly because they understand how women's bodies work.
Menstrual cycles can affect performance, requiring nutrition and training to be adapted, and some sports injuries impact women differently to men.
Mero said female athletes may also prefer to talk to a female coach about body image issues and eating disorders, which affect some sports.
Several coaches suggested having more female coaches might reduce the risk of sexual abuse and harassment.
A growing number of athletes, including swimmers, gymnasts and tennis players, have reported being harassed, molested or raped by coaches. Sports hit by recent scandals include women's basketball in Mali and snowboarding in the United States.
Multiple obstacles
Some barriers faced by women coaches reflect gender stereotypes.
A common complaint was that everyone - from stadium security to other coaches - assumed they were a physio, a mother, or someone else in a caring role.
Such biases were highlighted at the 2016 Rio Games when security guards blocked veteran athletics coach Ans Botha as she tried to get to the track to embrace South African sprinter Wayde van Niekerk after he smashed the 400m record to take gold.
Women coaches described incidents where they were undermined by male coaches, or had their ideas dismissed in meetings only to be applauded when suggested by a man.
Modern pentathlon coach Nicola Robinson said she used the gender-neutral name Nic in emails.
"It makes my life easier," she said. "I don't want any preconceptions."
Robinson, who also teaches a university sports coaching course, said a lack of role models was a factor behind the dearth of female coaches. Only 10-15 per cent of her students are women.
"Seeing someone who has achieved it is crucial," she added. "Boys see male coaches in the spotlight and think 'I'd love that as a job'. But who is inspiring our girls?"
A further deterrent is the difficulty of combining elite coaching with motherhood.
"It's a really tough challenge" she said. "Swimming coaches start very early, but nurseries don't open at 6am. With athletics, you have training camps, but how easy is it for a mother to take two weeks away?"
To help women remain in coaching after starting families, Robinson said it should be made easier for them to bring young children to training camps and competitions with a partner or friend to assist - and this should be seen as normal.
Emily Handyside, a coach developer at the charity UK Coaching, which is trying to boost diversity in the profession, said another barrier was the lack of support and development for women coaches.
This was particularly true in sports like football where there is a big disparity in funding and resources between the men's and women's game.
Handyside said she was supporting a female football coach who had landed a prestigious role at a top club, but had no staff and was doing five different jobs – something a male coach at a similar career stage would not face.
"This is what we call a glass cliff," she said. "She's broken the glass ceiling, but a lack of resources and investment around the job mean there's a high risk of failure or burnout. I hear this a lot."
She said countries leading the way on trying to increase the number of women at the top include Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Britain.
But experts cautioned that providing women's coach development programmes was not enough - and a plethora of such initiatives risked creating a bottleneck of very qualified female coaches with nowhere to go.
The Female Coaching Network's Huyton said recruitment often happened through informal channels and social networks, giving men an advantage. There was poor transparency in advertising roles and a lack of diversity on selection panels.
She called for international and national sports bodies to standardise and professionalise coach selection policies.
"We need to fix the system, not the women," Huyton said