<p>London: Karina Ambartsoumian-Clough vividly recalls her terror as a teenager when US immigration officers arrived at her home, ankle-tagged her parents and ordered the family to "self-deport".</p><p>The trouble was they had nowhere to go — no country recognised them as nationals.</p><p>Two decades on and Ambartsoumian-Clough remains stateless.</p><p>Worldwide, millions of stateless people are trapped in a legal limbo. They are often deprived of the most basic rights, exposing them to exploitation, destitution and detention.</p><p>On Monday, the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) launches a new drive to tackle the crisis, following up its decade-long #Ibelong campaign that had aimed to eradicate statelessness by 2024.</p><p>"It's dehumanising, it's isolating and it impacts everything," Ambartsoumian-Clough, 36, told the <em>Thomson Reuters Foundation</em>.</p><p>"I couldn't get a job. I couldn't go to college, I couldn't travel. I couldn't even access basic healthcare. And there's always a fear of detention, of disappearing in a system where you just can't get out."</p><p>People end up stateless for a host of reasons including migration, flawed citizenship laws and ethnic discrimination. Others fall through the cracks when countries break up.</p>.Joe Biden to keep target of accepting 1,25,000 refugees next year.<p>Ambartsoumian-Clough was born in the former Soviet Union, but her family left just after its chaotic collapse in 1991.</p><p>She is not recognised as a citizen by Ukraine, where her mother's family have deep roots, nor by the United States where she has spent most of her life.</p><p><strong>No big drop in numbers</strong></p><p>Ten years ago, UN chief Antonio Guterres - then head of the UNHCR - launched an ambitious drive to end statelessness within a decade, winning the support of Nobel Laureates and celebrities, including actress Cate Blanchett.</p><p>However, the scale of the problem remains little changed.</p><p>While more than 565,900 people have acquired citizenship since 2014, this is a small fraction of the global stateless population - and more children are born stateless every year.</p><p>But experts are quick to reject any suggestion the #Ibelong campaign has failed.</p><p>"It has made a huge difference," said Monika Sandvik, head of the UNHCR's statelessness section, as she reeled off a list of countries taking action.</p><p>In 2019, Kyrgyzstan became the first country to end statelessness on its territory and Turkmenistan is expected to announce similar news this week.</p>.South Asia's refugee crisis.<p>Kenya has granted citizenship to long-excluded ethnic groups, the Philippines has launched a national plan to address statelessness, and Colombia has awarded nationality to thousands of children born to Venezuelan migrants.</p><p>Thirteen countries have passed laws to ensure no child is born stateless. Others have established mechanisms to identify and protect stateless people on their territory.</p><p>A host of nations have also signed the two long-neglected U.N. conventions on statelessness.</p><p>Laura Van Waas, co-founder of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, a non-profit based in the Netherlands, said the issue was finally attracting interest at the highest level.</p><p>"The 10-year deadline made people listen," she said. "It communicated two very important messages. The first, that it is within our collective power to fix this; the second, that we shouldn't hang about."</p><p>But Van Waas echoed UN concerns that rising nationalism and xenophobia could jeopardise efforts to tackle statelessness.</p><p>She said little headway had been made for many of the world's largest stateless populations, including more than 1.6 million ethnic Muslim Rohingya in Myanmar and Bangladesh.</p><p>Hundreds of thousands remain stateless in Ivory Coast and Thailand, even though both countries have made moves to address the issue, while progress has stalled in Dominican Republic.</p><p>Discriminatory laws that ban or limit women passing on their nationality to children remain another key stumbling block.</p><p>Campaigners are disappointed that only three countries - Sierra Leone, Liberia and Madagascar – have scrapped such laws since 2014; 24 retain restrictions.</p><p><strong>Data gaps</strong></p><p>When #IBelong launched, the UNHCR estimated there were 10 million stateless people, but it now says there is not enough data to support a reliable estimate.</p><p>Data from 95 countries shows 4.4 million people lack a nationality, but many countries thought to have big stateless populations do not provide figures, meaning the real number is significantly higher.</p><p>Stateless people interviewed by the <em>Thomson Reuters Foundation</em> over the last decade have compared their plight to being like "a bird that can never land", "a prisoner in my own country", "an alien wherever I go" or "tumbleweed that rolls and rolls, never able to put down roots".</p><p>They have described how everyday things like opening a bank account, getting a driving licence, buying a SIM card for a phone or even getting married are frequently impossible.</p>.India releases first tranche of $2.5 million to UNRWA for Palestinian refugees.<p>Sirazul Islam, a Rohingya who lives in Britain, likened it to "being alive, but unable to breathe".</p><p>"You are invisible both in the eyes of the law and in the eyes of the people who are supposed to be your countrymen and women," he said.</p><p>Islam's family are from Myanmar, which passed a citizenship law in 1982 that effectively rendered most Rohingya stateless.</p><p>He was born stateless in a refugee camp in Bangladesh, moved to Britain when he was eight and eventually acquired British nationality five years ago.</p><p>Islam, 23, now works with the European Network on Statelessness, a civil society alliance, and is training to become a lawyer.</p><p>But the cousins he used to play with as a child in Bangladesh have never been to school and remain illiterate.</p><p>"I'm living a life they are missing out on," Islam said. "And the only difference is a piece of paper."</p>.Rohingya, Chin refugees from Myanmar on hunger strike inside foreigner transit camp in Assam.<p>In the last decade, groups of stateless people have united to fight for their rights and will play a key role in the Global Alliance to End Statelessness being launched in Geneva.</p><p>The alliance will also bring together governments, UN agencies, civil society organisations and the private sector.</p><p>Among the most prominent grassroots groups is United Stateless, which Ambartsoumian-Clough co-founded in 2017.</p><p>United Stateless is pushing for Congress to open a path to citizenship for stateless people living in the United States.</p><p>One 2020 study estimated more than 200,000 people could be stateless in the country.</p><p>"For a long time we've been silent," said Ambartsoumian-Clough. "But things are changing. We don't want pity. We want countries to change their laws so that we can move on with our lives."</p><p>But Ambartsoumian-Clough will not be in Geneva.</p><p>"I'm still stateless," she said. "I don't have a passport."</p>
<p>London: Karina Ambartsoumian-Clough vividly recalls her terror as a teenager when US immigration officers arrived at her home, ankle-tagged her parents and ordered the family to "self-deport".</p><p>The trouble was they had nowhere to go — no country recognised them as nationals.</p><p>Two decades on and Ambartsoumian-Clough remains stateless.</p><p>Worldwide, millions of stateless people are trapped in a legal limbo. They are often deprived of the most basic rights, exposing them to exploitation, destitution and detention.</p><p>On Monday, the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) launches a new drive to tackle the crisis, following up its decade-long #Ibelong campaign that had aimed to eradicate statelessness by 2024.</p><p>"It's dehumanising, it's isolating and it impacts everything," Ambartsoumian-Clough, 36, told the <em>Thomson Reuters Foundation</em>.</p><p>"I couldn't get a job. I couldn't go to college, I couldn't travel. I couldn't even access basic healthcare. And there's always a fear of detention, of disappearing in a system where you just can't get out."</p><p>People end up stateless for a host of reasons including migration, flawed citizenship laws and ethnic discrimination. Others fall through the cracks when countries break up.</p>.Joe Biden to keep target of accepting 1,25,000 refugees next year.<p>Ambartsoumian-Clough was born in the former Soviet Union, but her family left just after its chaotic collapse in 1991.</p><p>She is not recognised as a citizen by Ukraine, where her mother's family have deep roots, nor by the United States where she has spent most of her life.</p><p><strong>No big drop in numbers</strong></p><p>Ten years ago, UN chief Antonio Guterres - then head of the UNHCR - launched an ambitious drive to end statelessness within a decade, winning the support of Nobel Laureates and celebrities, including actress Cate Blanchett.</p><p>However, the scale of the problem remains little changed.</p><p>While more than 565,900 people have acquired citizenship since 2014, this is a small fraction of the global stateless population - and more children are born stateless every year.</p><p>But experts are quick to reject any suggestion the #Ibelong campaign has failed.</p><p>"It has made a huge difference," said Monika Sandvik, head of the UNHCR's statelessness section, as she reeled off a list of countries taking action.</p><p>In 2019, Kyrgyzstan became the first country to end statelessness on its territory and Turkmenistan is expected to announce similar news this week.</p>.South Asia's refugee crisis.<p>Kenya has granted citizenship to long-excluded ethnic groups, the Philippines has launched a national plan to address statelessness, and Colombia has awarded nationality to thousands of children born to Venezuelan migrants.</p><p>Thirteen countries have passed laws to ensure no child is born stateless. Others have established mechanisms to identify and protect stateless people on their territory.</p><p>A host of nations have also signed the two long-neglected U.N. conventions on statelessness.</p><p>Laura Van Waas, co-founder of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, a non-profit based in the Netherlands, said the issue was finally attracting interest at the highest level.</p><p>"The 10-year deadline made people listen," she said. "It communicated two very important messages. The first, that it is within our collective power to fix this; the second, that we shouldn't hang about."</p><p>But Van Waas echoed UN concerns that rising nationalism and xenophobia could jeopardise efforts to tackle statelessness.</p><p>She said little headway had been made for many of the world's largest stateless populations, including more than 1.6 million ethnic Muslim Rohingya in Myanmar and Bangladesh.</p><p>Hundreds of thousands remain stateless in Ivory Coast and Thailand, even though both countries have made moves to address the issue, while progress has stalled in Dominican Republic.</p><p>Discriminatory laws that ban or limit women passing on their nationality to children remain another key stumbling block.</p><p>Campaigners are disappointed that only three countries - Sierra Leone, Liberia and Madagascar – have scrapped such laws since 2014; 24 retain restrictions.</p><p><strong>Data gaps</strong></p><p>When #IBelong launched, the UNHCR estimated there were 10 million stateless people, but it now says there is not enough data to support a reliable estimate.</p><p>Data from 95 countries shows 4.4 million people lack a nationality, but many countries thought to have big stateless populations do not provide figures, meaning the real number is significantly higher.</p><p>Stateless people interviewed by the <em>Thomson Reuters Foundation</em> over the last decade have compared their plight to being like "a bird that can never land", "a prisoner in my own country", "an alien wherever I go" or "tumbleweed that rolls and rolls, never able to put down roots".</p><p>They have described how everyday things like opening a bank account, getting a driving licence, buying a SIM card for a phone or even getting married are frequently impossible.</p>.India releases first tranche of $2.5 million to UNRWA for Palestinian refugees.<p>Sirazul Islam, a Rohingya who lives in Britain, likened it to "being alive, but unable to breathe".</p><p>"You are invisible both in the eyes of the law and in the eyes of the people who are supposed to be your countrymen and women," he said.</p><p>Islam's family are from Myanmar, which passed a citizenship law in 1982 that effectively rendered most Rohingya stateless.</p><p>He was born stateless in a refugee camp in Bangladesh, moved to Britain when he was eight and eventually acquired British nationality five years ago.</p><p>Islam, 23, now works with the European Network on Statelessness, a civil society alliance, and is training to become a lawyer.</p><p>But the cousins he used to play with as a child in Bangladesh have never been to school and remain illiterate.</p><p>"I'm living a life they are missing out on," Islam said. "And the only difference is a piece of paper."</p>.Rohingya, Chin refugees from Myanmar on hunger strike inside foreigner transit camp in Assam.<p>In the last decade, groups of stateless people have united to fight for their rights and will play a key role in the Global Alliance to End Statelessness being launched in Geneva.</p><p>The alliance will also bring together governments, UN agencies, civil society organisations and the private sector.</p><p>Among the most prominent grassroots groups is United Stateless, which Ambartsoumian-Clough co-founded in 2017.</p><p>United Stateless is pushing for Congress to open a path to citizenship for stateless people living in the United States.</p><p>One 2020 study estimated more than 200,000 people could be stateless in the country.</p><p>"For a long time we've been silent," said Ambartsoumian-Clough. "But things are changing. We don't want pity. We want countries to change their laws so that we can move on with our lives."</p><p>But Ambartsoumian-Clough will not be in Geneva.</p><p>"I'm still stateless," she said. "I don't have a passport."</p>